1 //provision_21: Don't try to return a reference when you must return an object
2 //static :不能比较
3 #include<iostream>
4 class Rational
5 {
6 friend const Rational&
7 operator*(const Rational& lhs, const Rational& rhs);
8 friend bool
9 operator==(const Rational& lhs, const Rational& rhs);
10 public:
11 Rational(int _n = 0, int _d = 1) :n(_n), d(_d) {}
12 private:
13 int n,d;
14 };
15
16 const Rational&
17 operator*(const Rational& lhs, const Rational& rhs)
18 {
19 static Rational result; //只在第一个作用
20 result.n = lhs.n * rhs.n;
21 result.d = lhs.d * rhs.d;
22 return result;
23 }
24 bool operator==(const Rational& lhs, const Rational& rhs)
25 {
26 return ((lhs.n == rhs.n) && (lhs.d == rhs.d)) ? true : false;
27 }
28 int main()
29 {
30 Rational a, b(1,2), c(3,4), d(5,6);
31 if ((a * b) == (c * d)) //返回的都是 staic result 的引用： if( static Rational& == static Rational&)
32 //换句话说：在operator==(l,r) 时比较的都是最后一次operator*(a,b)的result 而(c*d)存放的值被(a*b)替换
33 std::cout << "always true" << std::endl;
34 return 0;
35 }
36
37 //Provision_24 Declare non-member functions when type conversions should apply to all parameters
38 //当不涉及template 时，如果可以避免friend 函数就该避免
39 class Ration
40 {
41 public:
42 Ration(int _n = 0, int _d = 1) :n(_n), d(_d) {}
43 int nf() const { return n; } //const 指针 只能绑定 const this*
44 int df() const { return d; }
45 private:
46 int n;
47 int d;
48 };
49 inline const Ration
50 operator*(const Ration& lhs, const Ration& rhs)
51 {
52 return Ration(lhs.nf() * rhs.nf(), lhs.df() * rhs.df());
53 }
54 #include<vector>
55 //Provision_25 Consider support for a non-throwing swap
56 class WidgetImpl //针对Widget数据设计的class
57 {
58 public:
59
60 private:
61 std::vector<double> vd;
62 };
63
64 class Widget
65 {
66 public:
67 Widget& operator=(const Widget& rhs)
68 {
69 //...其他数据
70 *pImpl = *(rhs.pImpl);
71 }
72
73 void swap(Widget& other) //因为使用private member 所以是成员函数
74 {
75 using std::swap; //若没有自定义swap 使用 std::swap
76 swap(pImpl, other.pImpl);
77 }
78 private:
79 WidgetImpl* pImpl;
80 };
81 namespace std
82 {
83 template<> //只是特例化 Widget
84 void swap<Widget>(Widget& a, Widget& b)
85 {
86 a.swap(b);//调用 swap成员函数
87 }
88 }
89
90 //如果Widget<T>
91 namespace WidgetStuff //不能改变std::swap
92 {
93 template<typename T>
94 class WidgetImpl
95 {
96 private:
97 std::vector<T> v;
98 };
99
100 template<typename T>
101 class Widget
102 {
103 public:
104 void swap(Widget& other) //因为使用private member 所以是成员函数
105 {
106 using std::swap; //若没有自定义swap 使用 std::swap
107 swap(pImpl, other.pImpl);
108 }
109 private:
110 WidgetImpl<T>* pImpl;
111 };
112
113 template<typename T>
114 void swap(Widget<T>& a, Widget<T>& b)
115 {
116 a.swap(b);
117 }
118 }