Python装饰器Decorators

def hi(name="yasoob"):
    return "hi " + name
print(hi())
# 我们甚至可以将一个函数赋值给一个变量,比如
greet=hi
# 我们这里没有在使用小括号,因为我们并不是在调用hi函数
# 而是在将它放在greet变量里头。我们尝试运行下这个
print(greet(),greet,sep='
')
gre=hi()
print(gre)
'''
以上输出为:
hi yasoob
hi yasoob
<function hi at 0x00000240E0E71160>
hi yasoob
'''
# 如果我们删掉旧的hi函数,看看会发生什么!
del hi
# print(hi())
# outputs: NameError
print(greet())
# outputs: 'hi yasoob'
全部输出为:
'''
hi yasoob
hi yasoob
<function hi at 0x00000240E0F3DEE0>
hi yasoob
hi yasoob
'''

参考:https://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/python-func-decorators.html

在函数中定义函数

刚才那些就是函数的基本知识了。我们来让你的知识更进一步。在 Python 中我们可以在一个函数中定义另一个函数:

def hi(name="yasoob"):
    print("now you are inside the hi() function")

    def greet1():
        return "now you are in the greet1() function"

    def welcome():
        return "now you are in the welcome() function"

    print(greet1())
    print(welcome())
    print("now you are back in the hi() function")

print(hi())
# output:now you are inside the hi() function
#       now you are in the greet1() function
#       now you are in the welcome() function
#       now you are back in the hi() function
#       None

# 上面展示了无论何时你调用hi(), greet1()和welcome()将会同时被调用。
# 然后greet1()和welcome()函数在hi()函数之外是不能访问的,比如:
greet1()
# outputs: NameError: name 'greet1' is not defined

那现在我们知道了可以在函数中定义另外的函数。也就是说:我们可以创建嵌套的函数。现在你需要再多学一点,就是函数也能返回函数。  

从函数中返回函数

其实并不需要在一个函数里去执行另一个函数,我们也可以将其作为输出返回出来:

def hi(name="yasoob"):
    def greet1():
        return "now you are in the greet1() function"
 
    def welcome():
        return "now you are in the welcome() function"
 
    if name == "yasoob":
        return greet1
    else:
        return welcome
 
a = hi()
print(a)
#outputs: <function greet at 0x7f2143c01500>
 
#上面清晰地展示了`a`现在指向到hi()函数中的greet1()函数
#现在试试这个
 
print(a())
#outputs: now you are in the greet1() function

再次看看这个代码。在 if/else 语句中我们返回 greet 和 welcome,而不是 greet() 和 welcome()。为什么那样?这是因为当你把一对小括号放在后面,这个函数就会执行;然而如果你不放括号在它后面,那它可以被到处传递,并且可以赋值给别的变量而不去执行它。 你明白了吗?让我再稍微多解释点细节。

当我们写下 a = hi(),hi() 会被执行,而由于 name 参数默认是 yasoob,所以函数 greet 被返回了。如果我们把语句改为 a = hi(name = "ali"),那么 welcome 函数将被返回。我们还可以打印出hi()(),这会输出 now you are in the greet() function

def hi(name="yasoob"):
    def greet1():
        return "now you are in the greet1() function"

    def welcome():
        return "now you are in the welcome() function"

    if name == "yasoob":
        return greet1
    else:
        return welcome


a = hi()
print(a,hi()(),sep='
')

输出为:
<function hi.<locals>.greet1 at 0x00000240E0EAAAF0>
now you are in the greet1() function

将函数作为参数传给另一个函数

def hi():
    return "hi yasoob!"
 
def doSomethingBeforeHi(func):
    print("I am doing some boring work before executing hi()")
    print(func())
 
doSomethingBeforeHi(hi)
#outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing hi()
#        hi yasoob!

现在你已经具备所有必需知识,来进一步学习装饰器真正是什么了。装饰器让你在一个函数的前后去执行代码。

你的第一个装饰器

在上一个例子里,其实我们已经创建了一个装饰器!现在我们修改下上一个装饰器,并编写一个稍微更有用点的程序:

def a_new_decorator(a_func):
 
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
 
        a_func()
 
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
 
    return wrapTheFunction
 
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")
 
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs: "I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell"
 
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)
#now a_function_requiring_decoration is wrapped by wrapTheFunction()
 
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#        I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
#        I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()

你看明白了吗?我们刚刚应用了之前学习到的原理。这正是 python 中装饰器做的事情!它们封装一个函数,并且用这样或者那样的方式来修改它的行为。

现在你也许疑惑,我们在代码里并没有使用 @ 符号?那只是一个简短的方式来生成一个被装饰的函数。这里是我们如何使用 @ 来运行之前的代码:  

@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    """Hey you! Decorate me!"""
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
          "remove my foul smell")
 
a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs: I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#         I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
#         I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()
 
#the @a_new_decorator is just a short way of saying:
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)

  

  

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Li-JT/p/15191263.html