概念:类即类别、种类,是面向对象设计最重要的概念,对象是特征与技能的结合体,而类则是一系列对象相似的特征与技能的结合体

  在现实世界中:先有对象,再有类

  在程序中:务必保证先定义类,后产生对象

【1】类的创建

class 类名:
    属性
    方法

【2】如何知道类中的属性和方法

  1、使用dir()内置函数

class MyClass:
    name = 'myclass'
    def showClassName(self):
        print(MyClass.name)
#查看类有哪些属性和方法
print(dir(MyClass))

['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'name', 'showClassName']

  2、通过访问类的字典属性__dict__ 

class MyClass:
    name = 'myclass'
    def showClassName(self):
        print(MyClass.name)
#查看类有哪些属性和方法
print(MyClass.__dict__)

{'__doc__': None, 'showClassName': <function MyClass.showClassName at 0x10471b510>, '__module__': 'test1', 'name': 'myclass', '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'MyClass' objects>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'MyClass' objects>}
class MyClass:
    #文档字符串
    'this is MyClass'
    name = 'myclass'
    def showClassName(self):
        print(MyClass.name)

#类MyClass的名字(字符串)
print(MyClass.__name__)
#MyClass

#类MyClass的文档字符串
print(MyClass.__doc__)
#this is MyClass

#类MyClass的所有父类构成的元组
print(MyClass.__bases__)
#(<class 'object'>,)

#类MyClass的属性
print(MyClass.__dict__)
#{'__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'MyClass' objects>, '__doc__': 'this is MyClass', 'name': 'myclass', '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'MyClass' objects>, '__module__': 'test1', 'showClassName': <function MyClass.showClassName at 0x10471b598>}

#类MyClass定义所在的模块
print(MyClass.__module__)
#test1

#实例MyClass对应的类
print(MyClass.__class__)
#<class 'type'>

【3】属性查找

  类有两种属性:数据属性和函数属性

  1、类的数据属性是所有对象共享的,id都一样

class Student:
    school = "YD"
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex
    def say(self):
        print(self.name)

s1 = Student("张三",18,"")
s2 = Student("李四",20,"")
s3 = Student("王五",28,"")

print(id(Student.school))

print(id(s1.school))
print(id(s2.school))
print(id(s3.school))
'''
4369544728
4369544728
4369544728
4369544728
'''

  2、类的函数属性是绑定给对象用的

#类的函数属性是绑定给对象使用的,obj.method称为绑定方法,内存地址都不一样
#id是python的实现机制,并不能真实反映内存地址,如果有内存地址,还是以内存地址为准
class Student:
    school = "YD"
    def __init__(self,name,age,sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex
    def say(self):
        print(self.name)

s1 = Student("张三",18,"")
s2 = Student("李四",20,"")
s3 = Student("王五",28,"")

print(Student.say)

print(s1.say)
print(s2.say)
print(s3.say)

'''
<function Student.say at 0x10471b598>
<bound method Student.say of <test1.Student object at 0x10471f828>>
<bound method Student.say of <test1.Student object at 0x10471f860>>
<bound method Student.say of <test1.Student object at 0x10471f898>>
'''

  注意:在obj.name会先从obj自己的名称空间里找name,找不到则去类中找,类也找不到就找父类...最后都找不到就抛出异常  

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Jiangchuanwei/p/8645558.html