ThreadLocal ——android消息机制handler在非主线程创建not called Looper.prepare() 错误的原因

引用自:https://www.jianshu.com/p/a8fa72e708d3

引出:

使用Handler的时候,其必须要跟一个Looper绑定。在UI线程可直接初始化Handler来使用。但是在非主线程中直接new Handler() 会报错: E/AndroidRuntime( 6173): Uncaught handler: thread Thread-8 exiting due to uncaught exception E/AndroidRuntime( 6173): java.lang.RuntimeException: Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()

原因是非主线程中默认没有创建Looper对象,需要先调用Looper.prepare()启用Looper。 当初始化Handler的时候,其会通过Looper来获取当前的Looper,代码如下:

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
  //省略

  mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
  if (mLooper == null) {
      throw new RuntimeException(
          "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
  }
  //省略
}

那么,问题来了,为什么在子线程中,通过Looper.myLooper()方法获取的就是为空呢?如果有人回答了Looper是线程相绑定的,那它是如何做到绑定的? 如果还知道答案的话,那就可以跳过本篇文章了。

代码分析

1. Looper的myLooper方法

public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
    return sThreadLocal.get();
}

此方法只是通过从变量sThreadLocal中取出一个值。那么它的值是哪里来的呢?

2. Looper的prepare方法

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
    if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
    }
    sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}

可以看出的是调用了这个方法之后,会在sThreadLocal中存在一个新建的Looper对象。那么看看这个sThreadLocal是什么东西呢?

ThreadLocal分析:

1. 定义 (本地线程副本变量工具类)

先看一下官方的解释:

Implements a thread-local storage, that is, a variable for which each thread
has its own value. All threads share the same {@code ThreadLocal} object,
but each sees a different value when accessing it, and changes made by one
thread do not affect the other threads. The implementation supports
{@code null} values.

这段话的意思是实现了一个线程相关的存储,即每个线程都有自己独立的变量。所有的线程都共享着这一个ThreadLocal对象,
并且当一个线程的值发生改变之后,不会影响其他的线程的值。

threadlocal是一个范型类,这标志着threadlocal可以存储所有数据,作为存储数据来说,我们首先想到的是会对外提供set(),get(),remove(),等方法,顺着我们的想法来看源码,果然如此。

2. 核心机制

ThreadLocal的核心机制:

  • 每个Thread线程内部都有一个Map。
  • Map里面存储线程本地对象(key)和线程的变量副本(value)
  • 但是,Thread内部的Map是由ThreadLocal维护的,由ThreadLocal负责向map获取和设置线程的变量值。

3. 实现

ThreadLocal的类定义使用了泛型ThreadLocal<T>,其中T指代的是在线程中存取值的类型。(对应Android中使用的ThreadLocal, T则存放的类型为Looper)

  • set方法
/**
 * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
 * to the specified value.  Most subclasses will have no need to
 * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
 * method to set the values of thread-locals.
 *
 * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
 *        this thread-local.
 */
public void set(T value) {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null)
        map.set(this, value);
    else
        createMap(t, value);
}

ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
    return t.threadLocals;
}

void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
    t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}

步骤:
1.获取当前线程的成员变量map
2.map非空,则重新将ThreadLocal和新的value副本放入到map中。
3.map空,则对线程的成员变量ThreadLocalMap进行初始化创建,并将ThreadLocal和value副本放入map中。

  • get方法
/**
 * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
 * thread-local variable.  If the variable has no value for the
 * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
 * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
 *
 * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
 */
public T get() {
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null) {
        ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
        if (e != null)
            return (T)e.value;
    }
    return setInitialValue();
}

ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
    return t.threadLocals;
}

private T setInitialValue() {
    T value = initialValue();
    Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
    ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
    if (map != null)
        map.set(this, value);
    else
        createMap(t, value);
    return value;
}

protected T initialValue() {
    return null;
}
步骤:
1.获取当前线程的ThreadLocalMap对象threadLocals
2.从map中获取线程存储的K-V Entry节点。
3.从Entry节点获取存储的Value副本值返回。
4.map为空的话返回初始值null,即线程变量副本为null,在使用时需要注意判断NullPointerException。

remove()方法

public void remove() {
 ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
 if (m != null)
     m.remove(this);
}

ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
    return t.threadLocals;
}

--------------------- 

Thread线程内部的Map在类中描述如下:
public class Thread implements Runnable {
    /* ThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is maintained
     * by the ThreadLocal class. */
    ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
}

总结

ThreadLocal通过获取当前线程中的values属性,从而实现了每个单独线程的信息绑定。这样的话,Android的消息机制中,Looper便是采用ThreadLocal作为存储结构,所以looper对象的存储只会在当前线程中,子线程若是使用消息机制的话,必须调用Looper.prepare方法来在线程中新建一个Looper的对象。

举例:

package test;

import test.*;

public class Test {
static final    ThreadLocal<ThreadValue> mThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<ThreadValue>();
    /**
     * @param args
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        ThreadValue threadValue = new ThreadValue("主线程");
         mThreadLocal.set(threadValue);
         System.out.print("in main thread : mThreadLocal:" + mThreadLocal +"
");
         System.out.print("in main thread : 名字:" + mThreadLocal.get().name +"
");
         mThreadLocal.get().print();

         new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {

                    ThreadValue childThreadValue = new ThreadValue("子线程");
                     mThreadLocal.set(childThreadValue);
                     System.out.print("in child thread : mThreadLocal:" + mThreadLocal +"
");
                     System.out.print("in child thread : 名字:" + mThreadLocal.get().name +"
");
                     mThreadLocal.get().print();
                }
              }).start();
    }

}

package test;

public class ThreadValue  {
      String name;
      public ThreadValue() {

      }

      public ThreadValue(String name) {
          this.name=name;
      }
      public void print()
      {
          System.out.print("this = " + this+" 
"); 
      }
    }

结果:

然后编译:javac test/*.java 
运行:java test.Test 
输出: 
in main thread : mThreadLocal:java.lang.ThreadLocal@788bf135 
in main thread : 名字:主线程 
this = test.ThreadValue@2b890c67 
in child thread : mThreadLocal:java.lang.ThreadLocal@788bf135 
in child thread : 名字:子线程 
this = test.ThreadValue@4f93b604

可以看出由于mThreadLocal定义为静态最终变量,所以在主线程和子线程中,mThreadLocal都是同一个实例。
但是在两个线程中调用mThreadLocal.get(),得到的ThreadValue对象却并不相同。
这是因为mThreadLocal.get(),取到的对象是线程内的局部变量,相互之间并不干扰。


---------------------
作者:??-D-Luffy
来源:CSDN
原文:https://blog.csdn.net/zyfzhangyafei/article/details/64927617
版权声明:本文为博主原创文章,转载请附上博文链接!

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Jackie-zhang/p/9895505.html