【JavaScript】浅析ajax的使用

目录结构:

contents structure [+]

1,Ajax简介

Ajax是Asynchronous JavaScript and XML(异步的JavaScript和XML)的简介,Ajax并不是一门新的编程语言,而是一种使用现有标准的新方法。它能够在不重新加载整个页面的情况下,可以与服务器交换数据并更新部分网页内容。

2,Ajax工作原理

通过这个原理图,我们可以看出我们写的javascript代码首先会经过ajax引擎,由ajax引擎负责和server进行通信,再将通信的结果返回给浏览器。这样就不需要刷新整个网页,从而实现向服务器请求数据。

3,Ajax的使用步骤

3.1,使用原生js

1.创建XMLHttpRequest对象

所有现代的浏览器都内建了XMLHttpRequest对象,创建的语法为: var xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest();

老版本的IE5,IE6使用ActiveX对象,语法为: var xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); 。

2.传入回调函数onreadystatechange

xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function(){
    if(xmlhttp.readyState==4 && xmlhttp.status==200){
         //document.getElementById("myDiv").innerHTML=xmlhttp.responseText;
        }
} 

readState的状态码:

  • 0: 请求未初始化
  • 1: 服务器连接已建立
  • 2: 请求已接收
  • 3: 请求处理中
  • 4: 请求已完成,且响应已就绪

status的状态码:

  • 200: 请求成功
  • 302:请求重定向
  • 404: 资源未找到
  • 500:服务器错误

3.向服务器发送请求

xmlhttp.open(Method,URL,async);
xmlhttp.send();

这里涉及到参数的问题,如果是使用POST请求提交参数,那么参数需要在send()方法中传入,如果使用GET请求提交参数,那么参数需要拼接到URL后面。

4.案例

html文件:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>用户登录</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function userSubmit(){
    //创建对象
    var xmlhttp;
    if(window.XMLHttpRequest){
        xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
    }else{
        xmlhttp = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
    }
    //传入回调函数onreadystatechange
    xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function(){
        if(xmlhttp.readyState==4 && xmlhttp.status==200){//请求成功
            document.getElementById("logininfo").innerHTML=xmlhttp.responseText;
        }
    }
    //发送请求
    xmlhttp.open("POST","login.do",true);
    //如果希望通过POST传输数据,那么应该先通过setRequestHeader()添加Http头数据
    xmlhttp.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
    var unamevalue=document.getElementById("unameid").value;
    var upassvalue=document.getElementById("upassid").value;
    xmlhttp.send("uname="+unamevalue+"&upass="+upassvalue);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
请输入用户名:<input type="text" id="unameid" name="uname"/><p><p>
请输入密码:<input type="password" id="upassid" name="upass"/><p><p>
<input type="button" value="点击我" onclick="userSubmit()"/><p><P>
<span id="logininfo"></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>
login.html

servlet文件:

package cn.user.login;

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**
 */
@WebServlet("/login.do")
public class UserLogin extends HttpServlet {
    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
     */
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        
        String name=request.getParameter("uname");
        String password=request.getParameter("upass");
        
        //进行数据库的查询,对比name和password
        //此处省略对数据库的查询,使用name=张三,password=123456;
        if("张三".equals(name) && "123456".equals(password)){
            response.getWriter().append("登录成功");
        }
    }
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }

}
userLogin.java

上面的代码如果需要使用GET请求(参数应该拼接到url上),那么将上面的文件改为,

html文件:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>用户登录</title>
<script type="text/javascript">
function userSubmit(){
    //创建对象
    var xmlhttp;
    if(window.XMLHttpRequest){
        xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest();
    }else{
        xmlhttp = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
    }
    //传入回调函数onreadystatechange
    xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function(){
        if(xmlhttp.readyState==4 && xmlhttp.status==200){//请求成功
            document.getElementById("logininfo").innerHTML=xmlhttp.responseText;
        }
    }
    var unamevalue=document.getElementById("unameid").value;
    var upassvalue=document.getElementById("upassid").value;
    //发送请求
    xmlhttp.open("GET","login.do?uname="+unamevalue+"&upass="+upassvalue,true);
    xmlhttp.send();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
请输入用户名:<input type="text" id="unameid" name="uname"/><p><p>
请输入密码:<input type="password" id="upassid" name="upass"/><p><p>
<input type="button" value="点击我" onclick="userSubmit()"/><p><P>
<span id="logininfo"></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>
login.html

servlet文件:

package cn.user.login;

import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**
 */
@WebServlet("/login.do")
public class UserLogin extends HttpServlet {
    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
     */
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        
        String name=new String(request.getParameter("uname").getBytes("ISO-8859-1"),"utf-8");
        String password=new String(request.getParameter("upass").getBytes("ISO-8859-1"),"utf-8");
        //进行数据库的查询,对比name和password
        //此处省略对数据库的查询,使用name=张三,password=123456;
        if("张三".equals(name) && "123456".equals(password)){
            response.getWriter().append("登录成功");
        }else{
            response.getWriter().append("登录失败");
        }
    }
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }

}
userLogin.java

3.2,使用JQuery

上面使用原生的js代码过于繁琐,jQuery对ajax进行了封装,提供了方法,比如常用的:$.ajax(),$.get(),$.post(),$.getJSON()方法。

下面使用$.ajax()函数进行演示:

 html代码:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>ajax测试</title>
<script src="http://cdn.static.runoob.com/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
    $(".submitButton").click(function(){
        $.ajax({
            url:"login.do?uname="+$(".unameclass").val()+"&upass="+$(".unamepass").val(),
            type:"GET",
            dataType:"JSON",
            async:"true",
            success:function(res){
                $(".logininfo").html(res.result.logininfo);
            },
            error:function(xhr){
                alert("错误提示: " + xhr.status + " " + xhr.statusText);
            }
        });
    });
})
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
 用户名:<input type="text" class="unameclass" /><p><p>
 密码:<input type="text" class="unamepass" /><p><p>
 <input type="button" value="提交" class="submitButton"/><p><p>
 <span class="logininfo"></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>
login.html

servlet代码:

package cn.user.login;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import com.google.gson.Gson;

/**
 */
@WebServlet("/login.do")
public class UserLogin extends HttpServlet {
    
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        
        String name=new String(request.getParameter("uname").getBytes("ISO-8859-1"),"utf-8");
        String password=new String(request.getParameter("upass").getBytes("ISO-8859-1"),"utf-8");
        //进行数据库的查询,对比name和password
        //此处省略对数据库的查询,使用name=张三,password=123456;
        
        int errorCode;//错误码,0表示无错误,1表示有错误
        Map map1=new HashMap<>();
        Map<String,String> map2=new HashMap<String,String>();
        if("张三".equals(name) && "123456".equals(password)){
            errorCode=0;
            map2.put("logininfo", "登录成功");
        }else{
            errorCode=1;
            map2.put("logininfo", "登录失败");
        }
        map1.put("errorcode", errorCode);
        map1.put("result", map2);
        
        //将Map集合转化为JSON字符串
        String strjson=new Gson().toJson(map1);
        response.getWriter().append(strjson);
        
    }
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }

}
userLogin.java

上面的servlet代码,将Map集合转化为了json字符串,首先需要导入 gson-2.3.1.jar 包,关于这种方式笔者在下面还会讲解。如果我们不采用Map集合转化为json字符串的方式,那么我们也手动拼接字符串的方法,只不过这种方法在处理数据量大的json数据时,显得力不从心。

4,JQuery中常用的Ajax函数

4.1, $.ajax()函数

在上面的案例中,我们也使用了ajax函数,那里是使用GET请求的方式,下面我们使用POST方式

html页面:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>ajax测试</title>
<script src="http://cdn.static.runoob.com/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
    $(".submitButton").click(function(){
        $.ajax({
            url:"login.do",
            type:"POST",
            data:{"uname":$(".unameclass").val(),"upass":$(".unamepass").val()},
            dataType:"JSON",
            async:"true",
            success:function(res){
                $(".logininfo").html(res.result.logininfo);
            },
            error:function(xhr){
                alert("错误提示: " + xhr.status + " " + xhr.statusText);
            }
        });
    });
})
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
 用户名:<input type="text" class="unameclass" /><p><p>
 密码:<input type="text" class="unamepass" /><p><p>
 <input type="button" value="提交" class="submitButton"/><p><p>
 <span class="logininfo"></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>
login.html

servlet页面:

package cn.user.login;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import com.google.gson.Gson;

/**
 */
@WebServlet("/login.do")
public class UserLogin extends HttpServlet {
    
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        
        String name=request.getParameter("uname");
        String password=request.getParameter("upass");
        //进行数据库的查询,对比name和password
        //此处省略对数据库的查询,使用name=张三,password=123456;
        
        int errorCode;//错误码,0表示无错误,1表示有错误
        Map map1=new HashMap<>();
        Map<String,String> map2=new HashMap<String,String>();
        if("张三".equals(name) && "123456".equals(password)){
            errorCode=0;
            map2.put("logininfo", "登录成功");
        }else{
            errorCode=1;
            map2.put("logininfo", "登录失败");
        }
        map1.put("errorcode", errorCode);
        map1.put("result", map2);
        
        //将Map集合转化为JSON字符串
        String strjson=new Gson().toJson(map1);
        response.getWriter().append(strjson);
        
    }
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }

}
View Code

4.2, $.get()函数

这个函数表明请求数据的方式为GET,请求的数据但是不需要添加到url中,该函数中专门有参数接受参数。

html页面:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>ajax测试</title>
<script src="http://cdn.static.runoob.com/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
    $(".submitButton").click(function(){
        $.get(
            "login.do",
            {"uname":$(".unameclass").val(),"upass":$(".unamepass").val()},
            function(res){
                $(".logininfo").html(res.result.logininfo);
            },
            "JSON"
        );
    });
})
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
 用户名:<input type="text" class="unameclass" /><p><p>
 密码:<input type="text" class="unamepass" /><p><p>
 <input type="button" value="提交" class="submitButton"/><p><p>
 <span class="logininfo"></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>
login.html

servlet页面:

package cn.user.login;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import com.google.gson.Gson;

/**
 */
@WebServlet("/login.do")
public class UserLogin extends HttpServlet {
    
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        
        String name=new String(request.getParameter("uname").getBytes("ISO-8859-1"),"utf-8");
        String password=new String(request.getParameter("upass").getBytes("ISO-8859-1"),"utf-8");
        //进行数据库的查询,对比name和password
        //此处省略对数据库的查询,使用name=张三,password=123456;
        
        int errorCode;//错误码,0表示无错误,1表示有错误
        Map map1=new HashMap<>();
        Map<String,String> map2=new HashMap<String,String>();
        if("张三".equals(name) && "123456".equals(password)){
            errorCode=0;
            map2.put("logininfo", "登录成功");
        }else{
            errorCode=1;
            map2.put("logininfo", "登录失败");
        }
        map1.put("errorcode", errorCode);
        map1.put("result", map2);
        
        //将Map集合转化为JSON字符串
        String strjson=new Gson().toJson(map1);
        response.getWriter().append(strjson);
        
    }
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }

}
userlogin.java

4.3, $.post()函数

html页面:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>ajax测试</title>
<script src="http://cdn.static.runoob.com/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
    $(".submitButton").click(function(){
        $.post(
                "login.do",
                {"uname":$(".unameclass").val(),"upass":$(".unamepass").val()},
                function(res){
                    $(".logininfo").html(res.result.logininfo);
                },
                "JSON"
        );
    });
})
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
 用户名:<input type="text" class="unameclass" /><p><p>
 密码:<input type="text" class="unamepass" /><p><p>
 <input type="button" value="提交" class="submitButton"/><p><p>
 <span class="logininfo"></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>
login.html

servlet页面:

package cn.user.login;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import com.google.gson.Gson;

/**
 */
@WebServlet("/login.do")
public class UserLogin extends HttpServlet {
    
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        
        String name=request.getParameter("uname");
        String password=request.getParameter("upass");
        //进行数据库的查询,对比name和password
        //此处省略对数据库的查询,使用name=张三,password=123456;
        
        int errorCode;//错误码,0表示无错误,1表示有错误
        Map map1=new HashMap<>();
        Map<String,String> map2=new HashMap<String,String>();
        if("张三".equals(name) && "123456".equals(password)){
            errorCode=0;
            map2.put("logininfo", "登录成功");
        }else{
            errorCode=1;
            map2.put("logininfo", "登录失败");
        }
        map1.put("errorcode", errorCode);
        map1.put("result", map2);
        
        //将Map集合转化为JSON字符串
        String strjson=new Gson().toJson(map1);
        response.getWriter().append(strjson);
        
    }
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(request,response);
    }

}
userLogin.java

4.4, $.getJSON()函数

这个函数就是指定$.get()函数返回数据的类型是JSON,只需要将$.get()函数案例中html页面改为:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>ajax测试</title>
<script src="http://cdn.static.runoob.com/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function(){
    $(".submitButton").click(function(){
        $.getJSON(
            "login.do",
            {"uname":$(".unameclass").val(),"upass":$(".unamepass").val()},
            function(res){
                $(".logininfo").html(res.result.logininfo);
            },
        );
    });
})
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
 用户名:<input type="text" class="unameclass" /><p><p>
 密码:<input type="text" class="unamepass" /><p><p>
 <input type="button" value="提交" class="submitButton"/><p><p>
 <span class="logininfo"></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>
login.html

5.Ajax + Jquery 提交文件和其他数据

html如下:

<form id="data" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="text" name="first" value="Bob" />
    <input type="text" name="middle" value="James" />
    <input type="text" name="last" value="Smith" />
    <input name="image" type="file" />
    <button>Submit</button>
</form>

Ajax + jquery提交方式:

$("form#data").submit(function(e) {
                e.preventDefault();
                var formData = new FormData($("form#data")[0]);

                $.ajax({
                    url: window.location.pathname,
                    type: "POST",
                    data: formData,
                    dataType: "JSON",
                    cache: false,
                    contentType: false,
                    processData: false,
                    async: "true",
                    success: function (res) {
                        console.log(res);
                    },
                    error: function (xhr) {
                        alert("错误提示: " + xhr.status + " " + xhr.statusText);
                    }
                });
});
本文为博主原创,转载请注明出处。
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/HDK2016/p/7096234.html