Spring的@Autowired注解

以下内容引用自http://wiki.jikexueyuan.com/project/spring/annotation-based-configuration/spring-autowired-annotation.html

@Autowired注解提供了在哪里以及如何自动装配应实现更细粒度的控制。@Autowired注解可用于在setter方法上自动连接bean,就像@Required注释,构造函数,属性或具有任意名称和/或多个参数的方法一样。

Setter方法中的@Autowired

您可以在setter方法上使用@Autowired注释来摆脱XML配置文件中的<property>元素。当Spring发现使用setter方法的@Autowired注释时,它会尝试在方法上执行autowire="byType"的自动连接

例子:

pom.xml:

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>com.jsoft.testspring</groupId>
  <artifactId>testannotationautowired</artifactId>
  <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <packaging>jar</packaging>

  <name>testannotationautowired</name>
  <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>

  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
  </properties>

  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>junit</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
      <version>3.8.1</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- Spring Core -->
    <!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-core -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
        <version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
     
    <!-- Spring Context -->
    <!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-context -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
        <version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
    
  </dependencies>
</project>

SpellChecker.java:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

public class SpellChecker {
    public SpellChecker(){
        System.out.println("SpellChecker无参数构造函数初始化");
    }
    
    public void checkSpelling(){
        System.out.println("SpellChecker检查方法");
    }
}

TextEditor.java:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class TextEditor {
    private SpellChecker spellChecker;
    private String name;
    
    @Autowired
    public void setSpellChecker(SpellChecker spellChecker){
        System.out.println("TextEditor通过setter初始化");
        this.spellChecker = spellChecker;
    }
    
    public void spellCheck() {
        this.spellChecker.checkSpelling();
    }
    
    public void setName(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    public void getName(){
        System.out.println(this.name);
    }
    
}

beans.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

   <context:annotation-config/>

   <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.SpellChecker"></bean>
   
   <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.TextEditor">
           <property name="name" value="Hello World!"></property>
   </bean>

</beans>

此时可以看见textEditor的bean上少了一个<property>标签(元素),但是也能运行正常,因为在TextEditor类中标记了@Autowired的注解,自动匹配去匹配相同类型的bean,与在bean中设置autowire="byType"属性保持一致。

运行结果:

而原始的beans.xml中如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

   <context:annotation-config/>

   <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.SpellChecker"></bean>
   
   <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.TextEditor">
           <property name="spellChecker" ref="spellChecker"></property>
           <property name="name" value="Hello World!"></property>
   </bean>

</beans>

属性中的@Autowired

您可以在属性上使用@Autowired注解来摆脱setter方法。当你使用<property>传递自动连线属性的值时,Spring将自动为传递的值或引用分配这些属性。因此,随着@Autowired对属性的使用,您的TextEditor.java文件将如下所示:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class TextEditor {
    @Autowired
    private SpellChecker spellChecker;
    private String name;
        
    public void spellCheck() {
        this.spellChecker.checkSpelling();
    }
    
    public void setName(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    public void getName(){
        System.out.println(this.name);
    }
    
}

可以看出上面代码上SpellChecker的setter方法已经去掉了,而在SpellChecker的私有属性上加入了@Autowired的注解。它会自动创建setter方法。

而beans.xml不需要改变。

运行结果如下:

构造函数中的@Autowired

您也可以将@Autowired应用于构造函数。构造函数@Autowired注解表示构造函数在创建bean时应该是自动连线的,即使在XML文件中配置bean时也不使用<constructor-arg>元素。例子如下:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class TextEditor {
    private SpellChecker spellChecker;
    private String name;
    
    @Autowired
    public TextEditor(SpellChecker spellChecker){
        System.out.println("TextEditor通过初始化方法赋值SpellChecker");
        this.spellChecker = spellChecker;
    }
        
    public void spellCheck() {
        this.spellChecker.checkSpelling();
    }
    
    public void setName(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    public void getName(){
        System.out.println(this.name);
    }
    
}

而beas.xml不用改变。

测试结果:

@Autowired的(required=false)选项

默认情况下,@Autowired注解意味着依赖是必须的,它类似于@Required注解,然而,你可以使用@Autowired的(required=false)选项关闭默认行为。例子如下:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

public class TextEditor {
    private SpellChecker spellChecker;
    private String name;
    
    @Autowired
    public TextEditor(SpellChecker spellChecker){
        System.out.println("TextEditor通过初始化方法赋值SpellChecker");
        this.spellChecker = spellChecker;
    }
        
    public void spellCheck() {
        this.spellChecker.checkSpelling();
    }
    
    @Autowired(required=false)
    public void setName(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
    
    public void getName(){
        System.out.println(this.name);
    }
    
}

指定了SpellChecker的setter方法不是必须的,那么也修改beans.xml文件,使其不传入此值。修改后的beans.xml如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">

   <context:annotation-config/>

   <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.SpellChecker"></bean>
   
   <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testannotationautowired.TextEditor">
           
   </bean>

</beans>

测试结果:

测试工程:https://github.com/easonjim/5_java_example/tree/master/springtest/test12/testannotationautowired

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/EasonJim/p/6895486.html