Spring基于构造函数的依赖注入(DI)

以下内容引用自http://wiki.jikexueyuan.com/project/spring/dependency-injection/spring-constructor-based-dependency-injection.html

当容器调用带有一组参数的类构造函数时,基于构造函数的DI就完成了,其中每个参数代表一个对其他类的依赖。

例子:

pom.xml:

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>com.jsoft.testspring</groupId>
  <artifactId>testconstructor</artifactId>
  <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <packaging>jar</packaging>

  <name>testconstructor</name>
  <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>

  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
  </properties>

  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>junit</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
      <version>3.8.1</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    
    <!-- Spring Core -->
    <!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-core -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
        <version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
     
    <!-- Spring Context -->
    <!-- http://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-context -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
        <version>4.1.4.RELEASE</version>
    </dependency>
    
  </dependencies>
</project>

SpellChecker.java:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testconstructor;

public class SpellChecker {
    public SpellChecker(){
        System.out.println("SpellChecker无参数构造函数初始化");
    }
    
    public void checkSpelling(){
        System.out.println("SpellChecker检查方法");
    }
}

TextEditor.java:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testconstructor;

public class TextEditor {
    private SpellChecker spellChecker;
    
    public TextEditor(SpellChecker spellChecker){
        System.out.println("TextEditor有参数构造函数初始化");
        this.spellChecker = spellChecker;
    }
    
    public void spellCheck() {
        this.spellChecker.checkSpelling();
    }
    
}

beans.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
                        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
                        
    <bean id="spellChecker" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testconstructor.SpellChecker"></bean>
    
    <bean id="textEditor" class="com.jsoft.testspring.testconstructor.TextEditor">
        <constructor-arg ref="spellChecker"></constructor-arg>
    </bean>
   
</beans>

这里直接采用<constructor>节点指定TextEditor构造函数的参数。

App.java:

package com.jsoft.testspring.testconstructor;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

/**
 * Hello world!
 *
 */
public class App 
{
    public static void main( String[] args )
    {
        ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
        TextEditor textEditor = (TextEditor)applicationContext.getBean("textEditor");
        textEditor.spellCheck();
    }
}

运行结果:

构造函数参数解析:

如果存在不止一个参数时,当把参数传递给构造函数时,可能会存在歧义。要解决这个问题,那么构造函数的参数在bean定义中的顺序,就是把这些参数提供给适当的构造函数参数的顺序对应上就可以了。考虑下面的类:

package x.y;
public class Foo {
   public Foo(Bar bar, Baz baz) {
      // ...
   }
}

下述配置文件是能正常运行的:

<beans>
   <bean id="foo" class="x.y.Foo">
      <constructor-arg ref="bar"/>
      <constructor-arg ref="baz"/>
   </bean>

   <bean id="bar" class="x.y.Bar"/>
   <bean id="baz" class="x.y.Baz"/>
</beans>

只要把配置文件参数的顺序对应上构造函数参数的顺序即可。

让我们再考虑一下我们传递给构造函数不同类型的位置。参考下面的类:

package x.y;
public class Foo {
   public Foo(int year, String name) {
      // ...
   }
}

如果你使用type属性显式的指定了构造函数参数的类型,容器也可以使用与简单类型匹配的类型。例如:

<beans>

   <bean id="exampleBean" class="examples.ExampleBean">
      <constructor-arg type="int" value="2001"/>
      <constructor-arg type="java.lang.String" value="Zara"/>
   </bean>

</beans>

最后,最好的传递构造函数参数的方式,是使用index属性来显式的指定构造函数参数的索引。下面是基于索引为0的例子,如下所示:

<beans>

   <bean id="exampleBean" class="examples.ExampleBean">
      <constructor-arg index="0" value="2001"/>
      <constructor-arg index="1" value="Zara"/>
   </bean>

</beans>

测试工程:https://github.com/easonjim/5_java_example/tree/master/springtest/test8/testconstructor

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/EasonJim/p/6883388.html