Python学习系列(四)Python 入门语法规则2

Python学习系列(四)Python 入门语法规则2

2017-4-3 09:18:04

  1. 编码和解码

     

  1. Unicode、gbk,utf8之间的关系

2、对于py2.7,

如果utf8>gbk,

utf8解码成Unicode,再将unicode编码成gbk

    对于py3.5

        如果utf8>gbk,

        utf8 直接编码成gbk(中间那一步直接被优化了)

3、很多时候,这个可以直接跳过,只有当编码出下问题的时候,再考虑这个知识点

二、运算符

1、算数运算:

2、比较运算:

3、赋值运算:

4、逻辑运算:

5、成员运算:

 

#example:1

r1="Bob is a boy"

r2= "boy" in r1

print(r2)

#example:1

classroom=["Bob","Lucy","Sb"]

r2= "Sb" in classroom

print(r2)

注意examp1和example2的区别

 

三、    

四、基本数据类型

1、整型

  a.
  
  n1=123
  
  n2=345
  
  print(n1+n2)
  
  print(n1.__add__(n2))
 
 n1=123
 
 b.获取二进制的最短位数
 
 n=255
 
 num=n.bit_length()
 
 print(num)    
example

2、逻辑值(布尔值)

3、字符串

a.python的字符串内建函数

 1 name='lucy'
 2 
 3 n1=name.capitalize()
 4 
 5 n2=name.center(20,'*')
 6 
 7 name='lucy is a bbb lucy is a bbb'
 8 
 9 n3=name.count('b',0,38)
10 
11 n4=name.endswith('y',1,4)
12 
13 name='lucy		999'
14 
15 n5=name.expandtabs(tabsize=34)
16 
17 name='lucy is a girl'
18 
19 n6=name.find('ii')
20 
21 s=['lucy','is','a','girl']
22 
23 n7='**'.join(s)
24 
25 s=" lucy"
26 
27 n8=s.lstrip()
28 
29 s='lucy is a girl'
30 
31 n9=s.partition('is')
32 
33 n10=s.replace('cy', 'lu')
34 
35 print(s)
36 
37 print(n10)
38 
39  
40 
41 b.字符串的常用功能
42 
43     1)索引
44 
45 s='lucy'
46 
47 print(s[0])
48 
49 print(s[1])
50 
51 print(s[2])
52 
53 print(s[3])
54 
55 l=len(s) #获取长度
56 
57 print(l)
58 
59 2)切片
60 
61 s='lucy'
62 
63 l=s[0:4]
64 
65 print(s[0:2])
66 
67 print(l)
68 
69  
70 
71 s='lucy'
72 
73 star=0
74 
75 while star<len(s):
76 
77 temp = s[star]
78 
79 star+=1
80 
81 print(temp)
82 
83     
84 
85  
86 
87 #example:2
88 
89 name='abcdefghijklmeopq'
90 
91 print (name)
92 
93 name_new=name.upper()
94 
95 print(name_new)
96 
97 print(type(name))    #通过type获取 类型
example

字符串方法是从python1.62.0慢慢加进来的——它们也被加到了Jython中。

这些方法实现了string模块的大部分方法,如下表所示列出了目前字符串内建支持的方法,所有的方法都包含了对Unicode的支持,有一些甚至是专门用于Unicode的。

方法

描述

string.capitalize()

把字符串的第一个字符大写

string.center(width)

返回一个原字符串居中,并使用空格填充至长度 width 的新字符串

string.count(str,beg=0, end=len(string))

返回 str 在 string 里面出现的次数,如果 beg 或者 end 指定则返回指定范围内 str 出现的次数

string.decode(encoding='UTF-8', errors='strict')

以 encoding 指定的编码格式解码 string,如果出错默认报一个 ValueError 的 异 常 , 除 非 errors 指 定 的 是 'ignore' 或 者'replace'

string.encode(encoding='UTF-8', errors='strict')

以 encoding 指定的编码格式编码 string,如果出错默认报一个ValueError 的异常,除非 errors 指定的是'ignore'或者'replace'

string.endswith(obj,beg=0, end=len(string))

检查字符串是否以 obj 结束,如果beg 或者 end 指定则检查指定的范围内是否以 obj 结束,如果是,返回 True,否则返回 False.

string.expandtabs(tabsize=8)

把字符串 string 中的 tab 符号转为空格,tab 符号默认的空格数是 8。

string.find(str,beg=0, end=len(string))

检测 str 是否包含在 string 中,如果 beg 和 end 指定范围,则检查是否包含在指定范围内,如果是返回开始的索引值,否则返回-1

string.index(str,beg=0, end=len(string))

跟find()方法一样,只不过如果str不在 string中会报一个异常.

string.isalnum()

如果 string 至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母或数字则返

回 True,否则返回 False

string.isalpha()

如果 string 至少有一个字符并且所有字符都是字母则返回 True,

否则返回 False

string.isdecimal()

如果 string 只包含十进制数字则返回 True 否则返回 False.

string.isdigit()

如果 string 只包含数字则返回 True 否则返回 False.

string.islower()

如果 string 中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符,并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是小写,则返回 True,否则返回 False

string.isnumeric()

如果 string 中只包含数字字符,则返回 True,否则返回 False

string.isspace()

如果 string 中只包含空格,则返回 True,否则返回 False.

string.istitle()

如果 string 是标题化的(见 title())则返回 True,否则返回 False

string.isupper()

如果 string 中包含至少一个区分大小写的字符,并且所有这些(区分大小写的)字符都是大写,则返回 True,否则返回 False

string.join(seq)

以 string 作为分隔符,将 seq 中所有的元素(的字符串表示)合并为一个新的字符串

string.ljust(width)

返回一个原字符串左对齐,并使用空格填充至长度 width 的新字符串

string.lower()

转换 string 中所有大写字符为小写.

string.lstrip()

截掉 string 左边的空格

string.maketrans(intab, outtab])

maketrans() 方法用于创建字符映射的转换表,对于接受两个参数的最简单的调用方式,第一个参数是字符串,表示需要转换的字符,第二个参数也是字符串表示转换的目标。

max(str)

返回字符串 str 中最大的字母。

min(str)

返回字符串 str 中最小的字母。

string.partition(str)

有点像 find()和 split()的结合体,从 str 出现的第一个位置起,把 字 符 串 string 分 成 一 个 3 元 素 的 元 组 (string_pre_str,str,string_post_str),如果 string 中不包含str 则 string_pre_str == string.

string.replace(str1, str2,  num=string.count(str1))

把 string 中的 str1 替换成 str2,如果 num 指定,则替换不超过 num 次.

string.rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string) )

类似于 find()函数,不过是从右边开始查找.

string.rindex( str, beg=0,end=len(string))

类似于 index(),不过是从右边开始.

string.rjust(width)

返回一个原字符串右对齐,并使用空格填充至长度 width 的新字符串

string.rpartition(str)

类似于 partition()函数,不过是从右边开始查找.

string.rstrip()

删除 string 字符串末尾的空格.

string.split(str="", num=string.count(str))

以 str 为分隔符切片 string,如果 num有指定值,则仅分隔 num 个子字符串

string.splitlines([keepends])

按照行(' ', ' ', ')分隔,返回一个包含各行作为元素的列表,如果参数 keepends 为 False,不包含换行符,如果为 True,则保留换行符。

string.startswith(obj, beg=0,end=len(string))

检查字符串是否是以 obj 开头,是则返回 True,否则返回 False。如果beg 和 end 指定值,则在指定范围内检查.

string.strip([obj])

在 string 上执行 lstrip()和 rstrip()

string.swapcase()

翻转 string 中的大小写

string.title()

返回"标题化"的 string,就是说所有单词都是以大写开始,其余字母均为小写(见 istitle())

string.translate(str, del="")

根据 str 给出的表(包含 256 个字符)转换 string 的字符,

要过滤掉的字符放到 del 参数中

string.upper()

转换 string 中的小写字母为大写

string.zfill(width)

返回长度为 width 的字符串,原字符串 string 右对齐,前面填充0

string.isdecimal()

isdecimal()方法检查字符串是否只包含十进制字符。这种方法只存在于unicode对象。

 

 

4、列表

创建列表

 1 name='lucy'
 2 
 3 age=28
 4 
 5 name_list=["bob",'jon','lucy']
 6 
 7 print(name_list)
 8 
 9 print(name_list[0]) #索引
10 
11 print(name_list[0:2])#切片
12 
13 name_list.append('alex') #追加
14 
15 name_list.append('smart')
16 
17 name_list.append('smart')
18 
19 n1=name_list.count('smart')#统计出现的次数
20 
21 temp=[111,222,333]
22 
23 name_list.extend(temp)#批量的添加数据
24 
25 n2=name_list.index('jon')
26 
27 print(n2)
example
  1 python的列表内建函数
  2  
  3 
  4 class list(object):
  5 
  6 """
  7 
  8 list() -> new empty list
  9 
 10 list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
 11 
 12 """
 13 
 14 def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 15 
 16 """ L.append(object) -- append object to end    #追加"""
 17 
 18 pass
 19 
 20  
 21 
 22 def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 23 
 24 """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value#统计出现的次数"""
 25 
 26 return 0
 27 
 28  
 29 
 30 def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 31 
 32 """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable #批量的添加数据"""
 33 
 34 pass
 35 
 36  
 37 
 38 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 39 
 40 """
 41 
 42 L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
 43 
 44 Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 45 
 46         查找索引值
 47 
 48 """
 49 
 50 return 0
 51 
 52  
 53 
 54 def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 55 
 56 """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index
 57 
 58 插入数据
 59 
 60 """
 61 
 62 pass
 63 
 64  
 65 
 66 def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 67 
 68 """
 69 
 70 L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
 71 
 72 Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
 73 
 74             移除列表里面的最后一个值,并可以赋值给返回值
 75 
 76 """
 77 
 78 pass
 79 
 80  
 81 
 82 def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 83 
 84 """
 85 
 86 L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
 87 
 88 Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 89 
 90             移除指定值
 91 
 92 """
 93 
 94 pass
 95 
 96  
 97 
 98 def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 99 
100 """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE*
101 
102     顺序翻转
103 
104 """
105 
106 pass
107 
108  
109 
110 def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
111 
112 """
113 
114 L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
115 
116 cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
117 
118             简单的排序
119 
120 """
121 
122 pass
123 
124  
125 
126 def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
127 
128 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
129 
130 pass
131 
132  
133 
134 def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
135 
136 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
137 
138 pass
139 
140  
141 
142 def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
143 
144 """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
145 
146 pass
147 
148  
149 
150 def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
151 
152 """
153 
154 x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
155 
156  
157 
158 Use of negative indices is not supported.
159 
160 """
161 
162 pass
163 
164  
165 
166 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
167 
168 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
169 
170 pass
171 
172  
173 
174 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
175 
176 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
177 
178 pass
179 
180  
181 
182 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
183 
184 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
185 
186 pass
187 
188  
189 
190 def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
191 
192 """
193 
194 x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
195 
196  
197 
198 Use of negative indices is not supported.
199 
200 """
201 
202 pass
203 
204  
205 
206 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
207 
208 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
209 
210 pass
211 
212  
213 
214 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
215 
216 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
217 
218 pass
219 
220  
221 
222 def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
223 
224 """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
225 
226 pass
227 
228  
229 
230 def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
231 
232 """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
233 
234 pass
235 
236  
237 
238 def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
239 
240 """
241 
242 list() -> new empty list
243 
244 list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
245 
246 # (copied from class doc)
247 
248 """
249 
250 pass
251 
252  
253 
254 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
255 
256 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
257 
258 pass
259 
260  
261 
262 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
263 
264 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
265 
266 pass
267 
268  
269 
270 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
271 
272 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
273 
274 pass
275 
276  
277 
278 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
279 
280 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
281 
282 pass
283 
284  
285 
286 def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
287 
288 """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
289 
290 pass
291 
292  
293 
294 @staticmethod # known case of __new__
295 
296 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
297 
298 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
299 
300 pass
301 
302  
303 
304 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
305 
306 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
307 
308 pass
309 
310  
311 
312 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
313 
314 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
315 
316 pass
317 
318  
319 
320 def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
321 
322 """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
323 
324 pass
325 
326  
327 
328 def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
329 
330 """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
331 
332 pass
333 
334  
335 
336 def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
337 
338 """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
339 
340 pass
341 
342  
343 
344 def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
345 
346 """
347 
348 x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
349 
350  
351 
352 Use of negative indices is not supported.
353 
354 """
355 
356 pass
357 
358  
359 
360 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
361 
362 """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
363 
364 pass
365 
366  
367 
368 __hash__ = None
369 
370  
371 
372 list
python的列表内建函数

5、元祖(不能增,删,改)

  1 lass tuple(object):
  2 
  3 """
  4 
  5 tuple() -> empty tuple
  6 
  7 tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
  8 
  9  
 10 
 11 If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
 12 
 13 """
 14 
 15 def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 16 
 17 """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
 18 
 19 计算元素出现的个数
 20 
 21 """
 22 
 23 return 0
 24 
 25  
 26 
 27 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 28 
 29 """
 30 
 31 T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
 32 
 33 Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 34 
 35         索引位置信息
 36 
 37 """
 38 
 39 return 0
 40 
 41  
 42 
 43 def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 44 
 45 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
 46 
 47 pass
 48 
 49  
 50 
 51 def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 52 
 53 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
 54 
 55 pass
 56 
 57  
 58 
 59 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 60 
 61 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
 62 
 63 pass
 64 
 65  
 66 
 67 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 68 
 69 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
 70 
 71 pass
 72 
 73  
 74 
 75 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 76 
 77 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
 78 
 79 pass
 80 
 81  
 82 
 83 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
 84 
 85 pass
 86 
 87  
 88 
 89 def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 90 
 91 """
 92 
 93 x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
 94 
 95  
 96 
 97 Use of negative indices is not supported.
 98 
 99 """
100 
101 pass
102 
103  
104 
105 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
106 
107 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
108 
109 pass
110 
111  
112 
113 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
114 
115 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
116 
117 pass
118 
119  
120 
121 def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
122 
123 """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """
124 
125 pass
126 
127  
128 
129 def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__
130 
131 """
132 
133 tuple() -> empty tuple
134 
135 tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
136 
137  
138 
139 If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
140 
141 # (copied from class doc)
142 
143 """
144 
145 pass
146 
147  
148 
149 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
150 
151 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
152 
153 pass
154 
155  
156 
157 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
158 
159 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
160 
161 pass
162 
163  
164 
165 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
166 
167 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
168 
169 pass
170 
171  
172 
173 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
174 
175 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
176 
177 pass
178 
179  
180 
181 def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
182 
183 """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
184 
185 pass
186 
187  
188 
189 @staticmethod # known case of __new__
190 
191 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
192 
193 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
194 
195 pass
196 
197  
198 
199 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
200 
201 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
202 
203 pass
204 
205  
206 
207 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
208 
209 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
210 
211 pass
212 
213  
214 
215 def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
216 
217 """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
218 
219 pass
220 
221  
222 
223 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
224 
225 """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """
226 
227 pass
228 
229  
230 
231 tuple
python元祖内建立函数

 

    a.元祖和列表几乎一样

    b.列表时刻可以修改的,元祖是不能修改的

    c.元祖的创建

name_tuple=('lucy','bob')

#索引

print(name_tuple[0])

#len

print(name_tuple[len(name_tuple)-1])

#切片

print(name_tuple[0:1])

#for

for i in name_tuple:

print(i)

#删除 不支持

#del name_tuple[1]

print(name_tuple)

6、字典

  1 class dict(object):
  2 
  3 """
  4 
  5 dict() -> new empty dictionary
  6 
  7 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
  8 
  9 (key, value) pairs
 10 
 11 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
 12 
 13 d = {}
 14 
 15 for k, v in iterable:
 16 
 17 d[k] = v
 18 
 19 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 20 
 21 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
 22 
 23 """
 24 
 25  
 26 
 27 def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 28 
 29 """ 清除内容 """
 30 
 31 """ D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """
 32 
 33 pass
 34 
 35  
 36 
 37 def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 38 
 39 """ 浅拷贝 """
 40 
 41 """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
 42 
 43 pass
 44 
 45  
 46 
 47 @staticmethod # known case
 48 
 49 def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 50 
 51 """
 52 
 53 dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
 54 
 55 v defaults to None.
 56 
 57 """
 58 
 59 pass
 60 
 61  
 62 
 63 def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 64 
 65 """ 根据key获取值,如果key不存在,可以指定一个默认值,d是默认值 """
 66 
 67 """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """
 68 
 69 pass
 70 
 71  
 72 
 73 def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 74 
 75 """ 是否有key """
 76 
 77 """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
 78 
 79 return False
 80 
 81  
 82 
 83 def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 84 
 85 """ 所有项的列表形式 """
 86 
 87 """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
 88 
 89 return []
 90 
 91  
 92 
 93 def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 94 
 95 """ 项可迭代 """
 96 
 97 """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
 98 
 99 pass
100 
101  
102 
103 def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
104 
105 """ key可迭代 """
106 
107 """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
108 
109 pass
110 
111  
112 
113 def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
114 
115 """ value可迭代 """
116 
117 """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
118 
119 pass
120 
121  
122 
123 def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
124 
125 """ 所有的key列表 """
126 
127 """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
128 
129 return []
130 
131  
132 
133 def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
134 
135 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
136 
137 """
138 
139 D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
140 
141 If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
142 
143 """
144 
145 pass
146 
147  
148 
149 def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
150 
151 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
152 
153 """
154 
155 D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
156 
157 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
158 
159 """
160 
161 pass
162 
163  
164 
165 def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
166 
167 """ 如果key不存在,则创建,如果存在,则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
168 
169 """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
170 
171 pass
172 
173  
174 
175 def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
176 
177 """ 更新
178 
179 {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
180 
181 [('name','sbsbsb'),]
182 
183 """
184 
185 """
186 
187 D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
188 
189 If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
190 
191 If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
192 
193 In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
194 
195 """
196 
197 pass
198 
199  
200 
201 def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
202 
203 """ 所有的值 """
204 
205 """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
206 
207 return []
208 
209  
210 
211 def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
212 
213 """ 所有项,只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
214 
215 """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
216 
217 pass
218 
219  
220 
221 def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
222 
223 """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
224 
225 pass
226 
227  
228 
229 def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
230 
231 """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
232 
233 pass
234 
235  
236 
237 def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
238 
239 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
240 
241 pass
242 
243  
244 
245 def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
246 
247 """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
248 
249 return False
250 
251  
252 
253 def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
254 
255 """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
256 
257 pass
258 
259  
260 
261 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
262 
263 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
264 
265 pass
266 
267  
268 
269 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
270 
271 """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
272 
273 pass
274 
275  
276 
277 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
278 
279 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
280 
281 pass
282 
283  
284 
285 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
286 
287 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
288 
289 pass
290 
291  
292 
293 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
294 
295 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
296 
297 pass
298 
299  
300 
301 def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
302 
303 """
304 
305 dict() -> new empty dictionary
306 
307 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
308 
309 (key, value) pairs
310 
311 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
312 
313 d = {}
314 
315 for k, v in iterable:
316 
317 d[k] = v
318 
319 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
320 
321 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
322 
323 # (copied from class doc)
324 
325 """
326 
327 pass
328 
329  
330 
331 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
332 
333 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
334 
335 pass
336 
337  
338 
339 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
340 
341 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
342 
343 pass
344 
345  
346 
347 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
348 
349 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
350 
351 pass
352 
353  
354 
355 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
356 
357 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
358 
359 pass
360 
361  
362 
363 @staticmethod # known case of __new__
364 
365 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
366 
367 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
368 
369 pass
370 
371  
372 
373 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
374 
375 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
376 
377 pass
378 
379  
380 
381 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
382 
383 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
384 
385 pass
386 
387  
388 
389 def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
390 
391 """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
392 
393 pass
394 
395  
396 
397 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
398 
399 """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
400 
401 pass
402 
403  
404 
405 __hash__ = None
406 
407  
408 
409 dict
python字典内建函数

a.字典的每一个元素,都是一个键值对

'''

user_info={

1:"lucy",

2:73,

3:'M'

}

#索引

print(user_info[2])

user_info={

'name':"lucy",

"age":73,

"gender":'M'

}

#索引

print(user_info['name'])

#不能进行

#循环,默认值输出key

for i in user_info:

print(i)

print(user_info.keys())#获取所有的键

print(user_info.values())#获取所有的值

print(user_info.items())#获取所有的键值对

for i in user_info.values():

print(i)

for i,j in user_info.items():

print(i)

print(j)

#get,注意get和索引之间的差别

val=user_info.get('age')#根据key获取值,如果key不存在,可以指定一个默认值,d是默认值

print(val)

val=user_info.get('age11',123)

print(val)

#update更新

test={

'name':'yaun',

"age":24,

'adress':'hb',

'tel':18272163806

}

user_info.update(test)

print(user_info)

#删除

del user_info['name']

print(user_info)

#note:查看对象的类,或对象所具备的的功能

方法一:

    temp="lucy"

    t=type(tenp)

    print(t)

    #str,ctr+鼠标左,找到str类,内部所有的方法

方法二:

    temp="lucy"

    b = dir(temp)

方法三:

help(str)

五、内容补充

内容补充:
一、运算符
二、基本的数据类型
    1、int 
            n1 = 456    # 根据int类,创建了一个对象
            n2 = 456   # 根据int类,创建了一个对象
            特有的功能表现在:
                    int类
                        功能1
                        功能2
                        功能3
                        _int_    #(初始化)
    2、str
            str()
                str类 _init_    #(初始化)
            a、创建方式
                    #无参数,创建空字符串
                    #一个参数,创建普通字符串
                    #两个参数,int(字节),编码===》。
                    n='LUCY'
                    n1='lucy'
                    n2=str('lucy')
                    n3=str()
            b、特有功能
                    n.strip() #两端去除空格
                    n.startswith()#以。。。开头
                    n.find()#找到子序列
                    n.replace(old, new)#将字符串中的某子序列替换成指定值
                    n.upper()#变大写 
                    n.isalpha()#是,,,吗
            c、公共功能
                    索引:只能取一个元素
                    切片:可以取多个元素
                    len:    name='湖北'    len(name)=2
                    for:
                    编码:3.5循环的时候,循环的每一个元素是“字符”
            d、bytes和str的转换
                    name="湖北"
                    #将字符串转换成字节
                    b1=bytes(name,encoding='utf-8')
                    print(b1)
                    b2=bytes(name,encoding='gbk')
                    print(b2)
                    #将字节转换成字符串
                    n1=str(b1,encoding='utf-8')
                    print(n1)
                    n2=str(b2,encoding='gbk')
                    print(n2)
                    #=======
                    n=str()
                    #创建字符串
                    #转换成字符串,字节,编码
                    m=bytes()
                    #创建字节    
                    #转换成字节,字符串,要变成什么编码字节的类型字节          
    3、list
            元素的‘集合’,列表
            list()
                list类 _init_    #(初始化)
             ----------
             str—>创建字符串,或者将其他的准换成字符串
             ----------
             list—>创建列表,将其他元素转换成列表
            a、创建和转换
                1、创建
                        list=[11,22,33,44,55]
                        list=list()
                        list=list([11,22,33,44,55])
                 2、转换(字符串,元祖、字典都可以转换成列表)
                        s1='湖北'
                        l1=list(s1) #for循环,将循环的每一个元素,当做了列表的元素
                        #print(l1)    ['湖', '北']  
                        
                        t2=('lucy','bob','earth')
                        l2=list(t2)
                        #print(l2)  ['lucy', 'bob', 'earth']
                        
                        dic={'k1':'lucy','k2':'earth'}
                        l3=list(dic.keys())
                        l4=list(dic.items())
                        print(l3)
             b、列表特有的功能
                        li=list()
                        new_list=list.append(object)#追加字符串(改变自身)
                        new_list=list.clear()#清除
                        new_list=list.extend(iterable)#批量增加,用另外一个可以迭代的 对象扩展到自己的内部
                        new_list=list.reverse()#翻转,自己内部元素翻转
                        new_list=list.insert(index, object)#向指定的位置插入一个元素
            c、公共功能:
                        索引:
                        切片:
     4、元组(tuple)
             a、创建和转换
                        t=(11,22,33)
                        t=tuple(t)
                        t=tuple([])#字符串,列表,字典都可以
             b、特有的方法
                    count
                    index
             c、嵌套(元素不可修改)
                t= (11,22,33)
                t= (11,22,['lucy',{'k1':'v1'}])
                t[2][1][k1]
             e、元祖的特性,(元祖的元素)不可修改,
                 儿子不能变,孙子可以(可能)变,,,,
                        #'k2':'123'
                        t=(11,22,["lucy",{'k1':'v1'}])
                        #t2=t[2].append('&*&*&') #None
                        #t[2].append('&*&*&')    #(11, 22, ['lucy', {'k1': 'v1'}, '&*&*&'])
                        t2=t[2][1].update({'k2':'123'})
                        t2=t[2][1]['k3']='987'  #(11, 22, ['lucy', {'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '123', 'k3': '987'}])
     整理:
     一般字符串,执行一个功能,生成一个新内容,原来内容不变
     list,tuple,dict,执行一个功能,自身发生变化
     5、字典
         a、创建和转换
                a={'k1':'467'}  #{'k1': '467'}
                a=dict(k1=4324,k2='yuan')   #{'k2': 'yuan', 'k1': 4324}
                li=['lucy','bob','earth']
                new_dict=dict(enumerate(li)) #自动为列表添加key
                #{0: 'lucy', 1: 'bob', 2: 'earth'}
         b、字典的内部功能
             
View Code

六、新加元素

1、for循环

2、enumrate

'''enumrate 为可迭代的对象添加序号,

自动生成1列,从0开始,自增1,默认值可以更改

'''

list=['电脑','手机','家具','课本']

for key,item in enumerate(list,1):

print(key,item)

temp=int(input('请选择一个'))-1

print(list[temp])

3rangexrange

python2.7 range,用获取指定范围内的数 range0,10000

xrange,只有在循环的时候才会使用,循环一次,+一次,

python3.0 只有range,等同于xrange

'''

#

print(range(1,10))

for i in range(20,1,-3):

print(i)

六、exercise

1、

有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...],将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中,将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。
即: {'k1': 大于66的所有值, 'k2': 小于66的所有值}

2、

查找列表中元素,移除每个元素的空格,并查找以 aA开头并且以 c 结尾的所有元素。

    li = ["alec", " aric", "Alex", "Tony", "rain"]

    tu = ("alec", " aric", "Alex", "Tony", "rain") 

    dic = {'k1': "alex", 'k2': ' aric',  "k3": "Alex", "k4": "Tony"}

   

3、输出商品列表,用户输入序号,显示用户选中的商品

    商品 li = ["手机", "电脑", '鼠标垫', '游艇']

   

4、购物车

功能要求:

  • 要求用户输入总资产,例如:2000
  • 显示商品列表,让用户根据序号选择商品,加入购物车
  • 购买,如果商品总额大于总资产,提示账户余额不足,否则,购买成功。
  • 附加:可充值、某商品移除购物车

 5、用户交互,显示省市县三级联动的选择

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/734451909-yuan/p/6661291.html