Django之ORM查询

ORM

映射关系:

     表名  <-------> 类名

       字段  <-------> 属性

    表记录 <------->类实例对象
图书管理系统的增删改查:
代码如下:
views
from django.shortcuts import render ,HttpResponse,redirect

from app01 import models

# Create your views here.

def index(request):

    # 从数据库取出所有书籍对象

    bookList=models.Book.objects.all()  # QuerySet数据类型   [bookObj1,.....]


    return render(request,"index.html",{"bookList":bookList})


def delBook(request,id):

    models.Book.objects.filter(nid=id).delete()#删除数据库里的数据

    return redirect("/index/")


def editBook(request):

    if request.method=="POST":
        id=request.POST.get("book_id")#获取form表单的数据用这个种方式

        # 修改方式1:save(效率低)不推荐使用
        # book_obj=models.Book.objects.filter(nid=id)[0]
        # book_obj.title="金平"
        # book_obj.save()

        # 修改方式2:
        title=request.POST.get("title")
        author=request.POST.get("author")
        pubDate=request.POST.get("pubDate")
        price=request.POST.get("price")


        models.Book.objects.filter(nid=id).update(title=title,author=author,publishDate=pubDate,price=price)


        return redirect("/index/")

    id = request.GET.get("book_id")
    print("id", id)
    edit_book=models.Book.objects.filter(nid=id)[0]  #    [obj1,] QuerySet数据类型


    return render(request,"edit.html",{"edit_book":edit_book})


def addBook(request):
    if request.method=="POST":
        title=request.POST.get("title")
        author=request.POST.get("author")
        pubDate=request.POST.get("pubDate")
        price=request.POST.get("price")

        # 添加数据库
        # 方式1:用save时要先实例化一个对象,接着在保存
        # book_obj=models.Book(title=title,author=author,publishDate=pubDate,price=price)
        # book_obj.save()

        #方式2用create的话直接就能保存了,返回的就是保存的值
        book_obj=models.Book.objects.create(title=title,author=author,publishDate=pubDate,price=price)
        print(book_obj.title,book_obj.nid)


        return redirect("/index/")



    return render(request,"addBook.html")



def query(request):
    # 查询方法API:


    #1  all: models.表名.objects.all()

    book_all=models.Book.objects.all()  # 结果是querySet集合    [model对象,....]
    #print(book_all) # <QuerySet [<Book: Book object>, <Book: Book object>, <Book: Book object>]>

    # 2 filter: models.表名.objects.filter() # 结果是querySet集合    [model对象,....]

    # ret1=models.Book.objects.filter(author="yuan") # # <QuerySet [<Book: 追风筝的人>, <Book: asd>]>
    #ret2=models.Book.objects.filter(nid=1) # <QuerySet [<Book: yuan>]>
    # ret2=models.Book.objects.filter(author="yuan",price=123) # <QuerySet [<Book: yuan>]>
    # print(ret2)

    # 3 get  models.表名.objects.get()   # model对象

    # ret3=models.Book.objects.get(author="yuan")
    # print(ret3.price)


    # exclude : 排除条件
    # ret4=models.Book.objects.exclude(author="yuan")
    # print(ret4)

    # values方法
    # ret=models.Book.objects.filter(author="yuan").values("title","price")#获得是字典
    # print(ret)# <QuerySet [{'title': '追风筝的人', 'price': Decimal('99.00')}, {'title': 'asd', 'price': Decimal('123.00')}]>

    # ret = models.Book.objects.filter(author="yuan").values_list("title", "price")#拿到的是元祖
    # print(ret) # <QuerySet [('追风筝的人', Decimal('99.00')), ('asd', Decimal('123.00'))]>

    # ret=models.Book.objects.filter(author="yuan").values("author").distinct()#去重
    # print(ret)

    # count方法
    # ret=models.Book.objects.filter(author="yuan").count()#计数
    # print(ret)

    # first 方法
    # ret = models.Book.objects.all().first()#第一个
    # print(ret)

    # exists方法
    # if models.Book.objects.all().exists():是否存在
    #     print("exists")
    # else:
    #     print("nothing")



    ret=models.Book.objects.filter(price__gt=100)#小于
    ret=models.Book.objects.filter(price__gte=99) # 大于等于

    #ret=models.Book.objects.filter(publishDate__year=2017,publishDate__month=10)查询日期的
    #ret=models.Book.objects.filter(author__startswith="张")#以什么开头


    print(ret)
    return HttpResponse("OK")
视图函数代码

model代码

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.


class Book(models.Model):
    nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
    title = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    author = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    publishDate = models.DateField()
    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)

    def __str__(self):

        return self.title   #这是类的方法
View Code

Template代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <title>Title</title>

    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/bootstrap-3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css">
    <script src="/static/bootstrap-3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
    <style>
        .container{
            margin-top: 100px;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>


<div class="container">
    <div class="row">
        <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-offset-3">
            <a href="/addBook/"><button class="btn btn-primary">添加书籍</button></a>
            <table class="table table-striped">
                 <thead>
                      <tr>
                          <th>编号</th>
                          <th>书名</th>
                          <th>作者</th>
                          <th>出版日期</th>
                          <th>价格</th>
                          <th>操作</th>
                      </tr>
                 </thead>

                <tbody>
                      {% for book_obj in bookList %}
                             <tr>
                                   <td>{{ forloop.counter }}</td>
                                   <td>{{ book_obj.title }}</td>
                                   <td>{{ book_obj.author }}</td>
                                   <td>{{ book_obj.publishDate|date:"Y-m-d"}}</td>
                                   <td>{{ book_obj.price }}</td>
                                   <td>
                                       <a href="/del/{{ book_obj.nid }}"><button class="btn btn-danger">删除</button></a>
                                       <a href="/edit/?book_id={{ book_obj.nid }}"><button class="btn btn-info">编辑</button></a>
{#                                       <a href="/edit/{{ book_obj.nid }}"><button class="btn btn-info">编辑</button></a>#}方法一
                                   </td>

                               </tr>
                      {% endfor %}

                
                </tbody>
            </table>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

</body>
</html>
index
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h3>编辑页面</h3>

<form action="/edit/" method="post"><!--如果edit路径里没有编号,就用一个type=hidden来传递-->
    {% csrf_token %}<!--这个是保证通过django的安全认证的-->
    <p><input type="hidden" name="book_id" value="{{ edit_book.nid }}"></p>
    <p>书名 <input type="text" name="title" value="{{ edit_book.title }}"></p>
    <p>作者 <input type="text" name="author" value="{{ edit_book.author }}"></p>
    <p>出版日期 <input type="date" name="pubDate" value="{{ edit_book.publishDate|date:'Y-m-d'}}"></p>
    <p>价格 <input type="text" name="price" value="{{ edit_book.price }}"></p>
    <p> <input type="submit"></p>
</form>


</body>
</html>
edit
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h3>添加书籍:</h3>
<form action="/addBook/" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <p>书名 <input type="text" name="title"></p>
    <p>作者 <input type="text" name="author"></p>
    <p>出版日期 <input type="date" name="pubDate"></p>
    <p>价格 <input type="text" name="price"></p>
    <p> <input type="submit"></p>
</form>

</body>
</html>
View Code

查询表记录的方法:

查询相关API

<1> all():                 查询所有结果这个是   QuerySet集合
 
<2> filter(**kwargs):      它包含了与所给筛选条件相匹配的对象  QuerySet集合  只能查且的条件不能查or的条件
 
<3> get(**kwargs):         返回与所给筛选条件相匹配的对象,返回结果有且只有一个,     这个是object对象
                           如果符合筛选条件的对象超过一个或者没有都会抛出错误。
 
<5> exclude(**kwargs):     它包含了与所给筛选条件不匹配的对象  QuerySet集合
 
<4> values(*field):        返回一个ValueQuerySet——一个特殊的QuerySet,运行后得到的并不是一系列
                           model的实例化对象,而是一个可迭代的字典序列   
 
<9> values_list(*field):   它与values()非常相似,它返回的是一个元组序列,values返回的是一个字典序列
 
<6> order_by(*field):      对查询结果排序
 
<7> reverse():             对查询结果反向排序
 
<8> distinct():            从返回结果中剔除重复纪录
 
<10> count():              返回数据库中匹配查询(QuerySet)的对象数量。
 
<11> first():              返回第一条记录
 
<12> last():               返回最后一条记录
 
<13> exists():             如果QuerySet包含数据,就返回True,否则返回False

注意:一定区分object与querySet的区别 !!!

双下划线之单表查询
models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1)   # 获取id大于1 且 小于10的值
 
models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33])   # 获取id等于11、22、33的数据
models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33])  # not in
 
models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven")
models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小写不敏感
 
models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2])      # 范围bettwen and
ret=models.Book.objects.filter(price__gt=100)#大于
ret=models.Book.objects.filter(price__gte=99) # 大于等于

#ret=models.Book.objects.filter(publishDate__year=2017,publishDate__month=10)查询日期的
#ret=models.Book.objects.filter(author__startswith="张")#以什么开头


print(ret)
 startswith,istartswith, endswith, iendswith

 
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/1a2a/p/7737084.html