非谓语
动词用来做谓语，但是在讲话的不止一个动作，但是句子中只能有一个谓语动词或者系动词也就是一个动词,故而其他动词只能用非谓语动词
1.It is no use talking to him // 形式主语
2.Seeing is beliving // 表语 不是进行时态
3.He finished reading the book yesterday // 宾语
4.The woman teacher giving us oral lessons is from American // 定语，主动教
5.Walking along the street, we found a purse lying on the ground // purse wallet 钱包
doing 的时态和语态
主动 被动 用法
一般式： (not)doing (not)being done 没有明显的先后顺序 时间间隔不是很长，动作紧接着， 或者不要强调时间先后
完成时： (not)having done (not)Having been done 之前发生 // 必须标明动作发生在另一个动作之前
I sorry for not having kept my promise // 道歉之前没有 遵守 否定 直接加上 not
Having been told many times, he still couldn't understand it // 时间先后, 被动
// 主动形式表示被动含义 require/ need/ want/ deserve
The house needs repairing == needs to be repaired // 也可以使用被动的形式
The book is well worth reading // 值得被读
The teacher criticized Tom having broken the windown // 不能做定语
The teacher criticized Tom who had broken the windown // 只能用定语从句
Having downloaded music free is against the law // 不是动名词， 不能做主语 宾语 表语
和doing 不一样
Locking/Having locked the door, she went out // 说话人是否先 强调先后
动名词的复合结构
Tom's/His being late is understandable // 所有格，有生命的 主语
I didn't mind tom's/his/Tom/him being late // 所有格
I don't know about the weather being so awful today
She was disturbed by somebody/ students shouting outside // 复合不定代词+复数名词
与定语从句的转换
The woman teacher giving us oral lessons is from American
= who/ that gives us oral lessons
The topic being discussed is complicated = The topic which is being discussed
// 与状语从句的转换
1. 句首
As we turend the corner, we saw a church ==== Turning the corner, we saw a church // 主动
It rained all day, so that it completely ruined my holiday. ====== It rained all day, completely ruining my holiday
After I had seen my brother, I felt much relived ===========Having been my brother, I felt much relieved
The bell indicate (indicating) the end of period rang, interrupt (interruptting) our heated discussion.
The bell which indicated the end of periond rang, which interruptted our heated discussion. // 非限制行定语从句
He got really angry because ace didn't invited to that party.
He got really angry for not being invited to that party. // for 引导原因状语从句
He got really angry for not having been invited to that party.