关键字:for_each

std::for_each

先贴cppreference中对for_each的概述:

template< class InputIt, class UnaryFunction >  //此处UnaryFunction为一元函数
UnaryFunction for_each( InputIt first, InputIt last, UnaryFunction f );
1) Applies the given function object f to the result of dereferencing every iterator in the range [first, last), in order.  //in order按顺序
2) Applies the given function object f to the result of dereferencing every iterator in the range [first, last)(not necessarily in order). The algorithm is executed according to policy. This overload does not participate in overload resolution  //policy政策  //participate参加
                                                    //overload resolution重载决议
unless std::is_execution_policy_v<std::decay_t<ExecutionPolicy>> is true.//这句话暂时不需要懂,cpp17对for_each又增加了一个重载版本而已
For both overloads, if InputIt is a mutable iterator, f may modify the elements of the range through the dereferenced iterator. If f returns a result, the result is ignored.  //如果迭代器不是const的,则允许一元函数对解引用的对象进行修改。如果一元函数返回一个值,则返回值被忽略.
 
 
f - function object, to be applied to the result of dereferencing every iterator in the range [first, last) 

The signature of the function should be equivalent to the following:

 void fun(const Type &a);

The signature does not need to have const &. 
The type Type must be such that an object of type InputIt can be dereferenced and then implicitly converted to Type.

for_each返回值为第三个参数,即仿函数。即通过for_each可以获得操作后的对象状态。

 贴一段用for_each清零数组的小程序:

#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
        const int elementSize = 10;
     vector<int> vec(elementSize, 1);
for_each(begin(vec), end(vec), [&] (int &i) { i = 0; } );  //引用捕获方式,将每个值置0 for(const auto &j : vec)  //范围for循环打印 cout << j << " "; cout << endl; return 0; }

微软社区的一个示例:

// alg_for_each.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>

// The function object multiplies an element by a Factor
template <class Type>
class MultValue
{
private:
   Type Factor;   // The value to multiply by
public:
   // Constructor initializes the value to multiply by
   MultValue ( const Type& _Val ) : Factor ( _Val ) {
   }

   // The function call for the element to be multiplied
   void operator ( ) ( Type& elem ) const  //重载成可调用对象,要注意当此可调用对象需要传参时,需要额外加一个形参列表,且应该放在 () 的后面。
   {
      elem *= Factor;
   }
};

// The function object to determine the average
class Average
{
private:
   long num;      // The number of elements
   long sum;      // The sum of the elements
public:
   // Constructor initializes the value to multiply by
   Average ( ) : num ( 0 ) , sum ( 0 )
   {
   }

   // The function call to process the next elment
   void operator ( ) ( int elem ) 
   {
      num++;      // Increment the element count
      sum += elem;   // Add the value to the partial sum
   }

   // return Average
   operator double ( )  //转换操作符重载
   {
      return  static_cast <double> (sum) /
      static_cast <double> (num);
   }
};

//以下我基于范围for循环重写了一部分
int main( ) {

  using namespace std;
  vector<int> vec;
  vector<int>::iterator iter;


  int i;
  for( i = -4; i <= 2; ++i)  //给数组赋一个初始序列
  {
    vec.push_back(i);
  }


  cout << "The original sequence is (";  //打印初始序列
  for(const auto &num : vec)
  {
    cout << num << " ";
  }
  cout << ")." << endl;


  for_each(vec.begin(), vec.end(), MultValue<int>(-2));  //将序列中的值依次乘以-2


  cout << "The mod1 sequence is (";  //打印mod1序列
  for(const auto &num : vec)
  {
    cout << num << " ";
  }
  cout << ")." << endl;


  for_each(vec.begin(), vec.end(), MultValue<int>(5));  //将序列中的值依次乘以5


  cout << "The mod2 sequence is (";  //打印mod2序列

  for(const auto &num : vec)
  {
    cout << num << " ";
  }
  cout << ")." << endl;


  double ret = for_each(vec.cbegin(), vec.cend(), Average());  //求平均值。此处用重载double操作符实现,比较难以理解。可以用如下改法:

  /*  Average tmp = for_each(vec.cbegin(), vec.cend(), Average());

     cout << tmp.xxx << endl;  //将operator double () 改为 double xxx() { return static_cast<double>(sum) / static_cast<double>(num); }

  */

  cout << "The average of mod2 is :"  //打印平均值
      << ret << endl;

 return 0;
}

The original sequence is (-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2).

The mod1 sequence is (8, 6, 4, 2, 0, -2, -4).

The mod2 sequence is (40, 30, 20, 10, 0, -10, -20).

The average of mod2 is :10

此处补一下转换操作符重载的知识

class <类型1>
{
public:
operator <类型2> () { } };

由此可见:转换操作符重载就是将类型1转换为类型2

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Ratation
{
private:
        long num_;
        long sum_;
public:
        Ratation() : num_(2), sum_(1) {
        }

        operator double ()
        {
                return static_cast <double> (sum_) /
                        static_cast <double> (num_);
        }
};

int main()
{
        Ratation obj;
        double a = 1.2;
        a += Ratation();  //执行Ratation到double的转换
        cout << a << endl;  //此处输出1.7,可见Ratation被转换为双精度了。

        return 0;
}

参考:http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/for_each

   https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/e5sk9w9k.aspx

                                                              写于 : 2017-03-04 23:08:37

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/-ttsj/p/6502528.html